Looking for the best science vocabulary resource for your ESL classroom? You’ve just found it! This post offers 250 carefully chosen science words across 25 important categories, designed to help your students learn and use scientific terms confidently.
Why is this the ultimate resource? It’s not just a list of words. Each category includes pronunciation, meanings, and example sentences, making it easy for learners to understand and remember. Plus, these words fit perfectly into classroom conversations, questions, and even debates.
You’ll also find vocabulary useful for role-plays, so students can practice real-life scientific discussions. Using common expressions and science-related idioms will help make lessons more fun and engaging. This approach boosts confidence and encourages students to speak naturally.
Whether you’re teaching beginners or more advanced learners, this resource helps you plan lessons that connect vocabulary with everyday use. It supports your students to ask questions, discuss ideas, and take part in scientific debates.
If you want to make your science lessons more interactive and effective, this post gives you everything you need. It’s the perfect tool to build your students’ knowledge, improve their speaking skills, and get them excited about science. Don’t miss out on this all-in-one science vocabulary guide!
Table of Contents
Science Vocabulary: Why It Is Important in ESL Learning
Learning science vocabulary is very important for ESL students. Science is a big part of school and everyday life. When students know science words, they can understand lessons better and join in class discussions.
Using science vocabulary helps students improve their reading and listening skills. Many science texts and videos use special words. If students learn these words, they can follow the information more easily.
Science vocabulary also helps students speak and write about science. They can explain ideas clearly and answer questions with the right words. This builds their confidence in using English for real situations.
In many jobs and future studies, science words are useful. Knowing this vocabulary opens doors to more learning and career options. It helps students connect English with the world around them.
For ESL teachers, teaching science vocabulary creates exciting lessons. Students can do role-plays, debates, and conversations using new words. This makes learning fun and meaningful.
1. Science Vocabulary for the Scientific Method and Inquiry
Understanding the scientific method is essential for students exploring science in English. For ESL learners, learning key science vocabulary helps them follow experiments, ask questions, and communicate their findings clearly. This list includes common terms used in science classes during investigations, observations, and explanations. It is perfect for students starting to study science in English and for teachers preparing hands-on classroom activities. These words are chosen to help learners at different CEFR levels, from A2 to B2, and come with pronunciation in IPA, easy-to-understand meanings, and example sentences.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypothesis | B1 | /haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/ | An idea that can be tested by experiments | The students wrote a hypothesis before starting the experiment. |
| Observe | A2 | /əbˈzɜːv/ | To watch something carefully | We observed the reaction between the two liquids. |
| Data | B1 | /ˈdeɪtə/ or /ˈdætə/ | Facts and numbers collected during experiments | The data shows the plant grew faster in sunlight. |
| Experiment | A2 | /ɪkˈsperɪmənt/ | A test done to learn something | They did an experiment to see how temperature affects ice. |
| Analyze | B2 | /ˈænəlaɪz/ | To study something carefully to understand it | We analyzed the results and found a pattern. |
| Variable | B2 | /ˈveəriəbl/ | Something that can change in an experiment | The temperature was the variable in our test. |
| Control | B1 | /kənˈtrəʊl/ | The part of the experiment that stays the same | We used clean water as the control. |
| Conclusion | B1 | /kənˈkluːʒən/ | A final decision or judgment | Our conclusion was that heat makes ice melt faster. |
| Procedure | B2 | /prəˈsiːdʒə/ | The steps taken in an experiment | The teacher showed us the correct procedure. |
| Predict | A2 | /prɪˈdɪkt/ | To guess what will happen next | Can you predict what will happen to the balloon? |
2. Science Vocabulary for Lab Tools and Equipment
Science labs have many tools and materials that students need to recognize and name. ESL learners often struggle with vocabulary related to lab equipment, but knowing these words helps them follow instructions, stay safe, and take part in experiments. This science vocabulary list is designed to give learners a clear understanding of common lab tools with their CEFR level, pronunciation, meaning, and example sentence. These words help students feel more confident when doing hands-on science activities in English.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beaker | A2 | /ˈbiːkə/ | A glass container used in labs | We poured the liquid into the beaker. |
| Test tube | A2 | /ˈtɛst ˌtjuːb/ | A small glass tube used for experiments | She mixed the chemicals in a test tube. |
| Microscope | B1 | /ˈmaɪkrəskəʊp/ | A tool used to see tiny things | We used a microscope to see the plant cells. |
| Thermometer | B1 | /θəˈmɒmɪtə/ | A device that measures temperature | The thermometer showed it was 25 degrees. |
| Bunsen burner | B2 | /ˈbʌnsən ˌbɜːnə/ | A tool that produces a flame for heating | The teacher lit the Bunsen burner for the experiment. |
| Petri dish | B2 | /ˈpiːtri ˌdɪʃ/ | A small dish used to grow bacteria | We put the sample in a Petri dish. |
| Scale | A2 | /skeɪl/ | A tool for measuring weight | Use the scale to weigh the salt. |
| Dropper | A2 | /ˈdrɒpə/ | A tool to add small amounts of liquid | Add two drops with the dropper. |
| Tongs | A2 | /tɒŋz/ | A tool to hold hot objects | Use tongs to move the hot beaker. |
| Stopwatch | A2 | /ˈstɒpwɒtʃ/ | A device used to measure time | Start the stopwatch when the reaction begins. |
3. Science Vocabulary for Motion and Forces in Physics
Motion and force are key physics topics that students encounter early in science education. For ESL learners, these concepts can be confusing without strong vocabulary support. This science vocabulary list introduces learners to the most essential terms used when talking about speed, gravity, friction, and related ideas. It is helpful for teachers designing physics lessons for CEFR A2 to B2 level learners. Each term includes the IPA pronunciation, meaning, and a simple sentence for context.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motion | A2 | /ˈməʊʃən/ | Movement from one place to another | The motion of the ball slowed down. |
| Force | A2 | /fɔːs/ | A push or pull on an object | Gravity is a force that pulls things down. |
| Speed | A2 | /spiːd/ | How fast something moves | The car’s speed was 60 km per hour. |
| Acceleration | B2 | /əkˌseləˈreɪʃən/ | The rate at which speed changes | The bike gained acceleration going downhill. |
| Friction | B2 | /ˈfrɪkʃən/ | A force that slows things down | Friction caused the wheels to stop. |
| Gravity | B1 | /ˈɡrævɪti/ | The force that pulls objects to the Earth | Gravity makes things fall to the ground. |
| Inertia | B2 | /ɪˈnɜːʃə/ | The tendency of an object to resist change in motion | The book stayed still due to inertia. |
| Mass | A2 | /mæs/ | The amount of matter in something | The mass of the box is 5 kilograms. |
| Velocity | B2 | /vəˈlɒsɪti/ | Speed in a given direction | The rocket reached high velocity. |
| Newton | B2 | /ˈnjuːtən/ | A unit of force named after Isaac Newton | The force was measured in newtons. |
4. Science Vocabulary for Energy, Work, and Power
Energy, work, and power are central concepts in both physics and everyday life. This science vocabulary list focuses on helping ESL learners understand how energy is transferred, how work is measured, and how power is calculated. With CEFR levels, IPA, and example sentences, these vocabulary terms support lesson planning for science teachers and improve classroom discussion and comprehension. Great for learners from A2 to B2 level.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | A2 | /ˈenədʒi/ | The power to do work | We need energy to move and grow. |
| Work | A2 | /wɜːk/ | Using force to move something | Lifting a box is a type of work. |
| Power | B1 | /ˈpaʊə/ | How fast work is done | The machine uses a lot of power. |
| Kinetic energy | B2 | /kɪˈnetɪk ˈenədʒi/ | Energy of moving objects | A rolling ball has kinetic energy. |
| Potential energy | B2 | /pəˈtenʃl ˈenədʒi/ | Stored energy due to position | The rock on the hill has potential energy. |
| Joule | B2 | /dʒuːl/ | Unit of energy or work | One joule is a small amount of energy. |
| Heat | A2 | /hiːt/ | Energy that makes things warm | The sun gives us heat and light. |
| Chemical energy | B2 | /ˈkemɪkəl ˈenədʒi/ | Energy stored in substances | Food has chemical energy we use to move. |
| Mechanical energy | B2 | /mɪˈkænɪkəl ˈenədʒi/ | Energy of moving parts | The engine has mechanical energy. |
| Light energy | A2 | /laɪt ˈenədʒi/ | Energy that comes from light | Plants need light energy to grow. |
5. Science Vocabulary for Elements and Chemical Compounds
Chemistry introduces students to the world of atoms, elements, and the substances around us. This science vocabulary list provides essential terms related to the periodic table, elements, and compounds. ESL learners benefit greatly from clear definitions, proper pronunciation, and examples they can understand. Teachers can use these words to explain basic chemistry concepts and support learners from A2 to B2 CEFR levels.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atom | A2 | /ˈætəm/ | The smallest part of an element | Everything is made of atoms. |
| Element | A2 | /ˈelɪmənt/ | A pure substance with only one kind of atom | Oxygen is an element. |
| Compound | B1 | /ˈkɒmpaʊnd/ | A substance made of two or more elements | Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. |
| Molecule | B1 | /ˈmɒlɪkjuːl/ | Two or more atoms joined together | A water molecule has three atoms. |
| Periodic table | B1 | /ˌpɪəriˈɒdɪk ˈteɪbl/ | A chart of all elements | We studied the periodic table in class. |
| Hydrogen | A2 | /ˈhaɪdrədʒən/ | The lightest element | Hydrogen is used in fuel cells. |
| Oxygen | A2 | /ˈɒksɪdʒən/ | The gas we breathe | We need oxygen to live. |
| Carbon | B1 | /ˈkɑːbən/ | An element found in living things | Diamonds are made of carbon. |
| Sodium | B2 | /ˈsəʊdiəm/ | A soft, silver-white metal element | Table salt contains sodium. |
| Chemical bond | B2 | /ˈkemɪkəl bɒnd/ | The connection between atoms in molecules | A chemical bond holds the atoms together. |
6. Science Vocabulary for Chemical Reactions and States of Matter
Understanding chemical reactions and states of matter is essential for grasping many scientific concepts. This science vocabulary list helps ESL learners describe how substances change during reactions and how matter exists in different states like solids, liquids, and gases. Mastering these terms enables students to explain experiments, write reports, and engage in scientific discussions more confidently. The words in this list cover CEFR levels A2 to B2 and come with IPA pronunciations and clear example sentences to support comprehension. Using this vocabulary in the classroom promotes better understanding of chemistry fundamentals and builds learner confidence in science topics.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reactant | B1 | /riˈæktənt/ | A substance that participates in and changes during a reaction | The reactants combined to form a new substance. |
| Product | A2 | /ˈprɒdʌkt/ | A substance produced by a chemical reaction | Water is a product of burning hydrogen. |
| Catalyst | B2 | /ˈkætəlɪst/ | A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed | Enzymes are biological catalysts. |
| Precipitate | B2 | /prɪˈsɪpɪteɪt/ | A solid that forms during a chemical reaction | A precipitate formed when the two solutions mixed. |
| Combustion | B2 | /kəmˈbʌstʃən/ | The process of burning | Combustion produces heat and light. |
| Melting | A2 | /ˈmɛltɪŋ/ | Changing from solid to liquid | Ice is melting in the sun. |
| Evaporation | B1 | /ɪˌvæpəˈreɪʃən/ | Changing from liquid to gas | Evaporation happens faster when it’s hot. |
| Condensation | B1 | /ˌkɒndɛnˈseɪʃən/ | Changing from gas to liquid | Condensation forms water droplets on cold glass. |
| Sublimation | B2 | /ˌsʌblɪˈmeɪʃən/ | Changing from solid directly to gas | Dry ice undergoes sublimation at room temperature. |
| Boiling Point | A2 | /ˈbɔɪlɪŋ pɔɪnt/ | The temperature at which a liquid boils | Water’s boiling point is 100°C. |
7. Science Vocabulary for the Human Body and Organ Systems
Learning about the human body is vital for understanding health and biology. This science vocabulary list covers key terms related to major organ systems, helping ESL learners talk about body functions and health topics with confidence. These words range from CEFR A2 to B2, include IPA pronunciations, and come with easy-to-understand definitions and examples. Teaching these terms encourages students to discuss anatomy, physiology, and health science in clear and accurate English, making lessons more interactive and informative.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Circulatory | B1 | /ˈsɜːkjʊlətəri/ | Relating to blood flow in the body | The circulatory system moves blood through the body. |
| Respiratory | B1 | /rɪˈspɪrətəri/ | Related to breathing and lungs | The respiratory system helps us breathe. |
| Digestive | B1 | /daɪˈdʒɛstɪv/ | Related to breaking down food | The stomach is part of the digestive system. |
| Nervous | B1 | /ˈnɜːvəs/ | Related to nerves and brain function | The nervous system controls body movement. |
| Skeletal | B2 | /ˈskɛlɪtəl/ | Related to bones | The skeletal system supports our body structure. |
| Muscular | B2 | /ˈmʌskjʊlər/ | Related to muscles | The muscular system allows us to move. |
| Immune | B2 | /ɪˈmjuːn/ | Related to the body’s defense system | Vaccines help strengthen the immune system. |
| Endocrine | B2 | /ˈɛndəkrɪn/ | Related to hormone-producing glands | The endocrine system regulates growth. |
| Excretory | B2 | /ˈɛkskrɪtəri/ | Related to waste removal | The kidneys are part of the excretory system. |
| Integumentary | B2 | /ˌɪntɪˈɡjuːməntri/ | Related to skin and protective coverings | The integumentary system includes skin and hair. |
8. Science Vocabulary for Cells, DNA, and Genetics
Cells and genetics are the foundation of biology and life sciences. This science vocabulary list helps ESL learners understand cell structure, DNA, and genetic concepts. Words range from CEFR A2 to B2 and come with IPA pronunciations and clear examples, making it easier for students to discuss biology topics, heredity, and biotechnology. Mastering this vocabulary also aids students in academic writing and presentations related to life sciences.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cell | A2 | /sɛl/ | The basic unit of life | All living things are made of cells. |
| Nucleus | B1 | /ˈnjuːkliəs/ | The control center of a cell | The nucleus contains genetic material. |
| Chromosome | B2 | /ˈkrəʊməsəʊm/ | Thread-like structure carrying DNA | Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. |
| DNA | B1 | /ˌdiːɛnˈeɪ/ | Molecule carrying genetic instructions | DNA determines inherited traits. |
| Gene | B1 | /dʒiːn/ | A unit of heredity | Genes affect eye color. |
| Mitosis | B2 | /maɪˈtəʊsɪs/ | Cell division creating identical cells | Mitosis helps with growth and repair. |
| Meiosis | B2 | /maɪˈəʊsɪs/ | Cell division creating reproductive cells | Meiosis produces sperm and eggs. |
| Mutation | B2 | /mjuːˈteɪʃən/ | Change in DNA sequence | Mutations can cause genetic diseases. |
| Ribosome | B2 | /ˈraɪbəˌsəʊm/ | Cell organelle that makes proteins | Ribosomes build proteins in the cell. |
| Cytoplasm | B1 | /ˈsaɪtəʊˌplæzəm/ | Gel-like substance inside cells | Organelles float in the cytoplasm. |
9. Science Vocabulary for Ecology and Environmental Topics
Ecology and environment science vocabulary helps ESL learners discuss nature, ecosystems, and conservation. This list covers important terms from A2 to B2 CEFR levels with IPA and examples to enable students to talk about biodiversity, pollution, and sustainability confidently. Using these words in lessons supports environmental awareness and science literacy in the classroom.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ecosystem | A2 | /ˈiːkəʊˌsɪstəm/ | A community of living and non-living things interacting | The forest is a rich ecosystem. |
| Habitat | A2 | /ˈhæbɪtæt/ | The natural environment of an organism | Frogs live in wetland habitats. |
| Biodiversity | B2 | /ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsɪti/ | The variety of living things in an area | Tropical rainforests have high biodiversity. |
| Conservation | B2 | /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃən/ | Protecting natural resources and wildlife | Conservation protects endangered animals. |
| Pollution | A2 | /pəˈluːʃən/ | Harmful substances in the environment | Pollution causes health problems. |
| Renewable | B1 | /rɪˈnjuːəbl/ | Natural resources that are not depleted | Solar power is a renewable energy source. |
| Sustainability | B2 | /səˌsteɪnəˈbɪlɪti/ | Using resources without damaging the environment | Sustainability is important for the planet’s future. |
| Climate Change | B2 | /ˈklaɪmət tʃeɪndʒ/ | Long-term changes in global weather patterns | Climate change affects weather worldwide. |
| Endangered | B1 | /ɪnˈdeɪndʒəd/ | At risk of extinction | Tigers are an endangered species. |
| Ecosystem Services | B2 | /ˈiːkəʊˌsɪstəm ˈsɜːvɪsɪz/ | Benefits humans get from ecosystems | Clean water is an important ecosystem service. |
10. Science Vocabulary for Weather and Climate Terms
Knowing weather and climate vocabulary helps ESL learners describe daily weather, natural disasters, and long-term climate patterns. This science vocabulary list includes terms from CEFR A1 to B2 levels with IPA and examples, allowing students to participate in discussions about meteorology and environmental science effectively. Using this vocabulary enhances learners’ ability to report weather conditions and understand climate issues.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature | A1 | /ˈtɛmpərəʧər/ | How hot or cold something is | The temperature is 30 degrees Celsius today. |
| Precipitation | B1 | /prɪˌsɪpɪˈteɪʃən/ | Rain, snow, sleet, or hail | Precipitation can cause flooding. |
| Humidity | B1 | /hjuːˈmɪdəti/ | Amount of moisture in the air | Humidity is high in the summer. |
| Forecast | A2 | /ˈfɔːkɑːst/ | Prediction of the weather | The weather forecast says it will rain tomorrow. |
| Tornado | B2 | /tɔːrˈneɪdəʊ/ | A violent rotating column of air | Tornadoes cause severe damage. |
| Hurricane | B2 | /ˈhʌrɪkən/ | A large storm with strong winds | Hurricanes affect coastal areas. |
| Drought | B2 | /draʊt/ | Long period without rain | The drought damaged the crops. |
| Climate | B1 | /ˈklaɪmət/ | Usual weather conditions over a long time | The climate in the desert is very dry. |
| Thunderstorm | B1 | /ˈθʌndərstɔːm/ | Storm with thunder and lightning | Thunderstorms can be dangerous. |
| Barometer | B2 | /bəˈrɒmɪtə/ | Instrument measuring air pressure | The barometer shows falling pressure before a storm. |
11. Science Vocabulary for Rocks, Minerals, and Earth Structure
Understanding the Earth’s composition is key for many science learners. This science vocabulary list covers important terms related to rocks, minerals, and the structure of the Earth. It helps ESL students describe geological processes and features accurately. With words ranging from CEFR A2 to B2, this list includes IPA pronunciations and clear example sentences. Learning this vocabulary allows students to better understand earth science topics and participate in related classroom discussions and activities.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rock | A2 | /rɒk/ | A solid mineral material forming part of the Earth | Granite is a common type of rock. |
| Mineral | B1 | /ˈmɪnərəl/ | A natural, non-living substance found in rocks | Quartz is a clear mineral found in many rocks. |
| Mantle | B2 | /ˈmæntl/ | The layer of Earth between the crust and core | The mantle is very hot and moves slowly. |
| Crust | B2 | /krʌst/ | The Earth’s outermost layer | The Earth’s crust is thin compared to other layers. |
| Sedimentary | B2 | /ˌsɛdɪˈmɛntri/ | Formed by sediment layers compressed over time | Sandstone is a sedimentary rock. |
| Metamorphic | B2 | /ˌmɛtəˈmɔːrfɪk/ | Rock changed by heat and pressure | Marble is a metamorphic rock. |
| Erosion | B1 | /ɪˈrəʊʒən/ | The process of wearing away rock or soil | Erosion can change landscapes over time. |
| Fossil | A2 | /ˈfɒsl/ | Remains of ancient plants or animals in rock | Fossils help us learn about prehistoric life. |
| Core | B2 | /kɔːr/ | The Earth’s innermost layer | The core is made mostly of iron and nickel. |
| Lava | B1 | /ˈlɑːvə/ | Molten rock that erupts from a volcano | Lava cools and hardens to form new rock. |
12. Science Vocabulary for Astronomy and Space Exploration
Space and astronomy inspire curiosity and wonder. This science vocabulary list introduces key terms about planets, stars, and space exploration, helping ESL learners discuss the universe clearly. With CEFR levels A2 to B2, IPA pronunciation, and examples, these words support classroom activities and projects on astronomy. Students will gain confidence describing celestial bodies and space missions with precise scientific language.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Planet | A2 | /ˈplænɪt/ | A large body orbiting a star | Earth is the third planet from the sun. |
| Star | A2 | /stɑːr/ | A massive ball of burning gas in space | The sun is a star. |
| Galaxy | B2 | /ˈɡæləksi/ | A system of millions or billions of stars | The Milky Way is our galaxy. |
| Orbit | B1 | /ˈɔːbɪt/ | The path one object takes around another | The moon orbits the Earth. |
| Telescope | B1 | /ˈtɛlɪskəʊp/ | Device used to see distant objects | Scientists use telescopes to study space. |
| Astronaut | B2 | /ˈæstrənɔːt/ | A person trained to travel in space | Astronauts explore the International Space Station. |
| Satellite | B2 | /ˈsætəlaɪt/ | An object orbiting a planet or star | Satellites help with weather forecasts. |
| Comet | B2 | /ˈkɒmɪt/ | A small icy body that orbits the sun | Comets have bright tails when near the sun. |
| Universe | B2 | /ˈjuːnɪvɜːrs/ | All space and everything in it | The universe is vast and constantly expanding. |
| Gravity | A2 | /ˈɡrævɪti/ | The force that pulls objects toward Earth or each other | Gravity keeps planets in orbit around the sun. |
13. Science Vocabulary for Water, Oceans, and the Hydrosphere
Water and oceans cover most of the Earth and are vital to life. This science vocabulary list includes essential terms related to water cycles, oceans, and the hydrosphere. Designed for CEFR levels A2 to B2 with IPA and examples, this list helps ESL learners describe water movement, marine environments, and related scientific processes. Using this vocabulary improves understanding of water-related topics in science lessons and environmental discussions.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ocean | A2 | /ˈəʊʃən/ | A large body of saltwater covering Earth | The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean. |
| Hydrosphere | B2 | /ˈhaɪdrəˌsfɪər/ | All the water on Earth | The hydrosphere includes oceans, rivers, and lakes. |
| Evaporation | B1 | /ɪˌvæpəˈreɪʃən/ | Water changing from liquid to gas | Evaporation happens when water heats up. |
| Condensation | B1 | /ˌkɒndɛnˈseɪʃən/ | Water vapor turning into liquid | Condensation forms clouds in the sky. |
| Precipitation | A2 | /prɪˌsɪpɪˈteɪʃən/ | Rain, snow, sleet, or hail | Precipitation brings water back to the ground. |
| Current | B1 | /ˈkʌrənt/ | A steady flow of water in the ocean | Ocean currents affect climate around the world. |
| Salinity | B2 | /səˈlɪnɪti/ | The amount of salt in water | Salinity is higher in some parts of the ocean. |
| Tide | B1 | /taɪd/ | The rise and fall of sea levels caused by the moon | The tide was high during the full moon. |
| Glacier | B2 | /ˈɡleɪʃər/ | A large mass of ice moving slowly on land | Glaciers are melting due to global warming. |
| Watershed | B2 | /ˈwɔːtərˌʃɛd/ | Area of land draining into a river or ocean | Protecting watersheds helps keep water clean. |
14. Science Vocabulary for Plants, Photosynthesis, and Growth
Plants play a fundamental role in ecosystems. This science vocabulary list focuses on plant biology, photosynthesis, and growth processes. It supports ESL learners in discussing plant structure, function, and life cycles with clarity. Words span CEFR A2 to B2 levels and include IPA and practical examples. This vocabulary set is perfect for lessons on botany and environmental science.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Photosynthesis | B1 | /ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθɪsɪs/ | Process plants use to make food from sunlight | Photosynthesis produces oxygen and glucose. |
| Chlorophyll | B2 | /ˈklɒrəfɪl/ | Green pigment in plants that absorbs sunlight | Chlorophyll gives leaves their green color. |
| Root | A2 | /ruːt/ | Part of the plant that absorbs water and nutrients | Roots anchor the plant in the soil. |
| Stem | A2 | /stɛm/ | Supports the plant and carries water | The stem holds up the leaves. |
| Leaf | A1 | /liːf/ | Part of the plant that makes food | Leaves use sunlight for photosynthesis. |
| Seed | A1 | /siːd/ | The part that grows into a new plant | The seed will sprout when planted. |
| Germination | B2 | /ˌdʒɜːrmɪˈneɪʃən/ | Process of a seed beginning to grow | Germination happens when the seed gets water. |
| Pollination | B2 | /ˌpɒləˈneɪʃən/ | Transfer of pollen from flower to flower | Bees help with pollination. |
| Photosystem | B2 | /ˈfəʊtəʊˌsɪstəm/ | Protein complex in plants that captures light | Photosystems absorb sunlight during photosynthesis. |
| Chloroplast | B2 | /ˈklɒrəˌplæst/ | Cell part where photosynthesis happens | Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll. |
15. Science Vocabulary for Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity and magnetism are important physics topics. This science vocabulary list introduces ESL learners to basic and advanced terms related to electrical circuits, magnetism, and electromagnetic forces. With CEFR A2 to B2 vocabulary, IPA pronunciations, and examples, this list helps students describe concepts clearly and participate in physics lessons confidently.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electricity | A2 | /ɪˌlɛkˈtrɪsɪti/ | Flow of electric charge | Electricity powers our homes. |
| Magnet | A2 | /ˈmæɡnɪt/ | Object that attracts iron | The magnet sticks to the fridge. |
| Circuit | B1 | /ˈsɜːrkɪt/ | A path for electricity to flow | The circuit is complete, so the light is on. |
| Voltage | B2 | /ˈvoʊltɪdʒ/ | Electric potential difference | High voltage can be dangerous. |
| Current | B1 | /ˈkʌrənt/ | Flow of electric charge | The current moves through the wires. |
| Conductor | B2 | /kənˈdʌktər/ | Material that lets electricity flow | Copper is a good conductor. |
| Insulator | B2 | /ˈɪnsjʊˌleɪtər/ | Material that stops electricity flow | Rubber is an insulator. |
| Magnetism | B2 | /ˈmæɡnətɪzəm/ | Force from magnets | Magnetism causes attraction and repulsion. |
| Electromagnet | B2 | /ɪˌlɛktroʊˈmæɡnɪt/ | Magnet created by electric current | Electromagnets are used in cranes. |
| Battery | A2 | /ˈbætəri/ | Device that stores electrical energy | The flashlight uses batteries. |
16. Science Vocabulary for Light, Sound, and Waves
Light and sound are essential physical phenomena. This science vocabulary list covers terms about waves, light properties, and sound characteristics. It is ideal for ESL students learning about physics, helping them describe scientific concepts clearly with CEFR A2 to B2 vocabulary, IPA, and example sentences.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Light | A1 | /laɪt/ | Visible energy we can see | Light travels faster than sound. |
| Sound | A1 | /saʊnd/ | Vibrations that we hear | The sound of the bell is loud. |
| Wave | B1 | /weɪv/ | A disturbance that travels through a medium | Ocean waves can be very big. |
| Frequency | B2 | /ˈfriːkwənsi/ | Number of waves passing a point per second | High frequency sounds are high-pitched. |
| Amplitude | B2 | /ˈæmplɪtjuːd/ | Height of a wave, related to its energy | Larger amplitude means louder sound. |
| Reflection | B2 | /rɪˈflɛkʃən/ | Bouncing of light or sound from a surface | Reflection helps us see images in a mirror. |
| Refraction | B2 | /rɪˈfrækʃən/ | Bending of light as it passes through materials | Refraction causes a straw in water to look bent. |
| Echo | B2 | /ˈɛkəʊ/ | Sound reflected back to the listener | We heard an echo in the canyon. |
| Prism | B2 | /ˈprɪzəm/ | Transparent object that splits light into colors | A prism creates a rainbow from sunlight. |
| Lens | B1 | /lɛnz/ | Curved glass that focuses light | Glasses have lenses to help people see clearly. |
17. Science Vocabulary for Scientific Measurements and Units
Scientific measurements require precise vocabulary. This science vocabulary list focuses on terms related to measurement, units, and instruments commonly used in science. ESL learners will find this list helpful for describing data and experiments clearly. With CEFR A2 to B2 words, IPA, and examples, it supports accuracy in scientific communication.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measurement | A2 | /ˈmɛʒərmənt/ | The process of finding a value | Measurement is important in science experiments. |
| Unit | A2 | /ˈjuːnɪt/ | Standard quantity for measurement | The meter is a unit of length. |
| Meter | A1 | /ˈmiːtər/ | Unit of length | The table is two meters long. |
| Gram | A1 | /ɡræm/ | Unit of weight | This apple weighs 200 grams. |
| Liter | A2 | /ˈliːtər/ | Unit of volume | A bottle holds one liter of water. |
| Scale | B1 | /skeɪl/ | Instrument for measuring weight | The scale shows that I weigh 60 kilograms. |
| Thermometer | B1 | /θərˈmɒmɪtər/ | Device that measures temperature | The thermometer shows 37 degrees Celsius. |
| Stopwatch | B2 | /ˈstɒpwɒʧ/ | Device used to measure time intervals | Use a stopwatch to time the race. |
| Calibration | B2 | /ˌkælɪˈbreɪʃən/ | Adjusting an instrument for accuracy | Calibration ensures measurements are correct. |
| Accuracy | B2 | /ˈækjʊrəsi/ | How close a measurement is to the true value | The accuracy of the scale is very high. |
18. Science Vocabulary for STEM Careers and Science Professions
This science vocabulary list focuses on STEM careers and science professions, introducing key terms related to job roles, skills, and industries. It helps learners explore essential vocabulary for understanding science-related careers and workplace language.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scientist | A2 | /ˈsaɪəntɪst/ | A person who studies science | The scientist works in a laboratory. |
| Engineer | A2 | /ˌɛnʤɪˈnɪər/ | A person who designs and builds machines or systems | My brother is an engineer at a tech company. |
| Technician | B1 | /tɛkˈnɪʃən/ | A person skilled in technical work | The technician fixed the machine quickly. |
| Researcher | B2 | /rɪˈsɜːrʧər/ | Someone who studies a subject carefully | The researcher published a new paper. |
| Biologist | B2 | /baɪˈɒlədʒɪst/ | A scientist who studies living things | The biologist studies plants and animals. |
| Chemist | B2 | /ˈkɛmɪst/ | A scientist who studies chemicals | The chemist works with different substances. |
| Physicist | B2 | /ˈfɪzɪsɪst/ | A scientist who studies physics | The physicist explains how light behaves. |
| Mathematician | B2 | /ˌmæθəməˈtɪʃən/ | Expert in mathematics | The mathematician solved a complex problem. |
| Programmer | B2 | /ˈproʊgræmər/ | A person who writes computer software | The programmer created a new app. |
| Inventor | B2 | /ɪnˈvɛntər/ | Someone who creates new devices or ideas | The inventor designed a new type of engine. |
19. Science Vocabulary for Health, Medicine, and the Human Body
This science vocabulary list covers health, medicine, and the human body. It introduces important terms about anatomy, diseases, medical procedures, and healthcare roles, supporting learners interested in medical science and wellness topics.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Doctor | A1 | /ˈdɒktər/ | A person who treats sick people | The doctor gave me medicine. |
| Nurse | A1 | /nɜːrs/ | A person who helps doctors and cares for patients | The nurse checked my temperature. |
| Hospital | A1 | /ˈhɒspɪtl/ | A place where sick people get treatment | He went to the hospital for surgery. |
| Patient | A2 | /ˈpeɪʃənt/ | A person receiving medical care | The patient feels better after treatment. |
| Heart | A2 | /hɑːrt/ | Organ that pumps blood | The heart beats fast during exercise. |
| Brain | A2 | /breɪn/ | Organ that controls the body | The brain controls movement and thoughts. |
| Medicine | A2 | /ˈmɛdsən/ | Drug used to treat illness | Take your medicine twice a day. |
| Surgery | B1 | /ˈsɜːrdʒəri/ | Operation to fix or remove part of the body | She had surgery on her knee. |
| Vaccine | B2 | /ˈvæksiːn/ | Medicine that prevents disease | Vaccines help protect against viruses. |
| Diagnosis | B2 | /ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊsɪs/ | Identification of a disease | The doctor gave a diagnosis after the tests. |
20. Science Vocabulary for Technology, Innovation, and Inventions
Explore science vocabulary related to technology, innovation, and inventions. This list includes essential terms for describing breakthroughs, new devices, patents, and the development of scientific and technological advances.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Technology | A2 | /tɛkˈnɒlədʒi/ | Use of science to create tools and machines | Technology changes fast. |
| Innovation | B2 | /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/ | New method or idea | Innovation drives progress in science. |
| Device | A2 | /dɪˈvaɪs/ | A tool or machine | The smartphone is a useful device. |
| Software | B1 | /ˈsɒftwɛər/ | Programs used by computers | I installed new software on my laptop. |
| Hardware | B2 | /ˈhɑːrdwɛər/ | Physical parts of a computer | The hardware includes the keyboard and screen. |
| Robot | B2 | /ˈroʊbɒt/ | Machine that can perform tasks automatically | Robots help in factories. |
| Artificial Intelligence | B2 | /ˌɑːrtɪˈfɪʃəl ɪnˈtɛlɪʤəns/ | Machines simulating human intelligence | Artificial intelligence is used in many apps. |
| Innovation | B2 | /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/ | New idea or method | Innovation is important for growth. |
| Prototype | B2 | /ˈproʊtəˌtaɪp/ | First model of an invention | The engineer tested the prototype carefully. |
| Patent | B2 | /ˈpætənt/ | Legal right to protect an invention | She applied for a patent on her invention. |
21. Science Vocabulary for Famous Scientists and Key Discoveries
This science vocabulary list highlights famous scientists and key discoveries. It includes terms to discuss notable figures, their scientific contributions, and major breakthroughs in various scientific fields throughout history.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scientist | A2 | /ˈsaɪəntɪst/ | Person who studies or works in science | Newton was a famous scientist. |
| Discovery | B1 | /dɪsˈkʌvəri/ | Finding something new | The discovery of penicillin saved many lives. |
| Theory | B2 | /ˈθɪəri/ | Explanation based on facts | Einstein’s theory of relativity changed physics. |
| Experiment | B1 | /ɪkˈspɛrɪmənt/ | Test to discover or prove something | The experiment showed new results. |
| Hypothesis | B2 | /haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/ | Idea to test through experiments | The hypothesis was confirmed after testing. |
| Galileo | B2 | /ˌɡælɪˈleɪoʊ/ | Italian scientist who studied astronomy | Galileo improved the telescope. |
| Newton | B2 | /ˈnjuːtən/ | Scientist known for gravity and motion laws | Newton discovered gravity. |
| Darwin | B2 | /ˈdɑːrwɪn/ | Scientist who developed theory of evolution | Darwin’s theory explains natural selection. |
| Pasteur | B2 | /ˈpæstɜːr/ | Scientist who invented pasteurization | Pasteur helped prevent diseases. |
| Tesla | B2 | /ˈtɛslə/ | Inventor known for work in electricity | Tesla developed important electrical systems. |
22. Science Vocabulary for Common Scientific Action Verbs
Learn science vocabulary focused on common scientific action verbs. This list helps learners describe processes, experiments, and observations accurately, essential for communicating scientific methods and research activities.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observe | A2 | /əbˈzɜːrv/ | To watch carefully | Scientists observe animal behavior. |
| Measure | A2 | /ˈmɛʒər/ | To find the size or amount | We measure the length of the table. |
| Test | A1 | /tɛst/ | To check or try something | The doctor tested my blood. |
| Analyze | B2 | /ˈænəlaɪz/ | To study something carefully | We analyze the data from the experiment. |
| Experiment | B1 | /ɪkˈspɛrɪmənt/ | To try a new idea or method | They experiment with different chemicals. |
| Record | B1 | /rɪˈkɔːrd/ | To write down information | We record the results after each test. |
| Calculate | B2 | /ˈkælkjəˌleɪt/ | To find a number by using math | Calculate the speed using distance and time. |
| Hypothesize | B2 | /haɪˈpɒθəˌsaɪz/ | To make a guess based on evidence | We hypothesize that the plant will grow faster. |
| Conclude | B2 | /kənˈkluːd/ | To decide after thinking | We conclude that the experiment was successful. |
| Investigate | B2 | /ɪnˈvɛstɪˌɡeɪt/ | To study in detail | Scientists investigate causes of disease. |
23. Science Vocabulary for Math Skills in Scientific Contexts
This science vocabulary list covers math skills used in scientific contexts. It introduces terms related to measurements, calculations, data analysis, and problem-solving necessary for understanding scientific research and experiments.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Addition | A2 | /əˈdɪʃən/ | The process of adding numbers | Addition is easy with small numbers. |
| Subtraction | A2 | /səbˈtrækʃən/ | The process of taking one number from another | Subtraction helps us find the difference. |
| Multiply | B1 | /ˈmʌltɪˌplaɪ/ | To increase by repeated addition | Multiply 3 by 4 to get 12. |
| Divide | B1 | /dɪˈvaɪd/ | To split into equal parts | Divide the cake into 6 pieces. |
| Percentage | B2 | /pərˈsɛntɪʤ/ | Part of 100 | 50% means half. |
| Average | B2 | /ˈævərɪʤ/ | The typical value calculated by adding and dividing | The average temperature is 20°C. |
| Graph | B1 | /ɡræf/ | Visual representation of data | The graph shows the results clearly. |
| Equation | B2 | /ɪˈkweɪʒən/ | Math statement with equals sign | Solve the equation for x. |
| Variable | B2 | /ˈvɛriəbəl/ | Symbol for unknown number | x is a variable in algebra. |
| Statistics | B2 | /stəˈtɪstɪks/ | Collection and analysis of data | Statistics help us understand trends. |
24. Science Vocabulary for Climate Change and Sustainability
Explore science vocabulary related to climate change and sustainability. This list provides key terms about environmental issues, global warming, conservation efforts, and sustainable practices vital for environmental science learning.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate | A2 | /ˈklaɪmət/ | Typical weather of a place | The climate is warm in summer. |
| Pollution | B1 | /pəˈluːʃən/ | Harmful substances in the environment | Pollution affects air and water quality. |
| Global warming | B2 | /ˈɡloʊbəl ˈwɔːrmɪŋ/ | Increase in Earth’s temperature | Global warming causes glaciers to melt. |
| Renewable | B2 | /rɪˈnuːəbl/ | Energy that can be replaced naturally | Solar power is renewable energy. |
| Conservation | B2 | /ˌkɒnsərˈveɪʃən/ | Protection of natural resources | Conservation helps protect wildlife. |
| Sustainability | B2 | /səˌsteɪnəˈbɪlɪti/ | Ability to maintain environmental balance | Sustainability is important for future generations. |
| Ecosystem | B2 | /ˈiːkoʊˌsɪstəm/ | Community of living and nonliving things | The forest ecosystem is diverse. |
| Carbon footprint | B2 | /ˈkɑːrbən ˈfʊtˌprɪnt/ | Amount of carbon dioxide produced | Reducing your carbon footprint helps the planet. |
| Recycling | B1 | /riːˈsaɪklɪŋ/ | Process of converting waste into reusable material | Recycling reduces trash in landfills. |
| Emission | B2 | /ɪˈmɪʃən/ | Release of gases into the air | Factories reduce carbon emissions. |
25. Science Vocabulary for Experiments and Lab Procedures
This science vocabulary list covers experiments and lab procedures. It includes important terms for describing lab tools, safety protocols, data collection, and the steps of scientific experimentation and investigation.
| Word | CEFR | IPA | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experiment | A1 | /ɪkˈspɛrɪmənt/ | Test to discover something | We did an experiment in the lab. |
| Lab | A1 | /læb/ | Place for scientific work | The lab is where we study chemistry. |
| Test tube | A2 | /tɛst tuːb/ | Small glass tube used in experiments | Put the liquid in the test tube. |
| Microscope | B1 | /ˈmaɪkrəˌskoʊp/ | Device to see small objects | The microscope shows tiny cells. |
| Bunsen burner | B2 | /ˈbʌnsən ˈbɜrnər/ | Gas flame used to heat substances | Light the Bunsen burner carefully. |
| Pipette | B2 | /pɪˈpɛt/ | Tool to transfer small amounts of liquid | Use a pipette to add drops of liquid. |
| Centrifuge | B2 | /ˈsɛntrɪˌfjuːʤ/ | Machine that spins samples to separate substances | The centrifuge separates blood components. |
| Safety goggles | B1 | /ˈseɪfti ˈɡɒɡəlz/ | Protective glasses worn in the lab | Always wear safety goggles during experiments. |
| Procedure | B2 | /prəˈsiːdʒər/ | Steps followed in an experiment | Follow the procedure carefully. |
| Observation | B1 | /ˌɒbzərˈveɪʃən/ | Careful watching and recording of data | Make an observation and write it down. |
Conclusion
Teaching science vocabulary in ESL classes is essential for helping students understand important concepts and communicate effectively. This resource offers a wide range of useful words that support reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills.
By using science vocabulary, teachers can create engaging lessons with conversations, role-plays, and debates that make learning meaningful and fun.
Whether your students are beginners or advanced learners, focusing on science vocabulary will build their confidence and prepare them for academic and real-world success.
FAQs About Using Science Vocabulary in ESL Classes
1. What is the best way to teach science vocabulary to ESL students?
The best way is to combine vocabulary with activities like conversations, role-plays, and experiments. Using example sentences and visuals helps students remember words better.
2. How can I make science vocabulary interesting for my students?
Use real-life examples, idioms, and common expressions. Encourage debates and questions about scientific topics to make lessons lively and engaging.
3. Should I teach all science vocabulary at once?
No, it’s better to introduce vocabulary in small groups based on topics. This helps students learn and use words more easily without feeling overwhelmed.
4. How can science vocabulary improve students’ speaking skills?
Learning key terms lets students discuss science topics confidently. Role-plays and debates using these words help improve their fluency and accuracy.
5. Can science vocabulary be used for all ESL levels?
Yes, you can adapt the difficulty of words and activities depending on the students’ level. Start with simple terms and gradually introduce more complex vocabulary.
6. How often should I review science vocabulary?
Regular review is important. Use quizzes, games, and conversations to reinforce vocabulary over time and help students retain what they learn.
7. Are there any tools to help teach science vocabulary?
Flashcards, visuals, videos, and interactive apps work well. Combining these tools with speaking and writing activities makes learning more effective.
8. How can I assess students’ understanding of science vocabulary?
Use quizzes, oral presentations, and written assignments. Observing students during conversations and role-plays also shows how well they use the vocabulary.
9. Can learning science vocabulary help students in other subjects?
Definitely. Science words often overlap with math, technology, and health topics. Learning this vocabulary supports understanding across many subjects.
10. Why is it important to use science vocabulary in conversations and debates?
Using the vocabulary in speaking activities helps students practice real communication. It builds confidence and prepares them for academic and everyday situations involving science.
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